LIGHT 5

You can Set this card from your hand to your Spell & Trap Zone as a Spell. During your opponent's turn, if this Set card in the Spell & Trap Zone is destroyed and sent to your GY: Special Summon it. During your opponent's turn (Quick Effect): You can Tribute this card from your hand or face-up field; neither player can banish cards for the rest of this turn.

WIND 1

If a card(s) is added from the Main Deck to your opponent's hand, except during the Draw Phase (Quick Effect): You can send this card from your hand to the GY; for the rest of this turn, cards cannot be added from either player's Main Deck to the hand.

LIGHT 2

You can send 1 Spell/Trap from your hand or field to the GY; Special Summon this card from your hand, then add 1 "White Forest" monster from your Deck to your hand, except "Elzette of the White Forest". During your opponent's turn, if a LIGHT Spellcaster Tuner is Special Summoned to your field, while this card is in your GY (except during the Damage Step): You can add this card to your hand. You can only use each effect of "Elzette of the White Forest" once per turn.

FIRE 3

When a card or effect is activated that includes any of these effects (Quick Effect): You can discard this card; negate that effect. ● Add a card from the Deck to the hand. ● Special Summon from the Deck. ● Send a card from the Deck to the GY. You can only use this effect of "Ash Blossom & Joyous Spring" once per turn.

LIGHT 1

During your opponent's Main Phase (Quick Effect): You can send this card from your hand to the GY, then target 1 Effect Monster your opponent controls; negate the effects of that face-up monster your opponent controls, until the end of this turn.

WATER 3

During either turn, except the End Phase (Quick Effect): You can discard this card; apply this effect this turn. You can only use this effect of "Ghost Sister & Spooky Dogwood" once per turn. ● Each time your opponent Special Summons an Effect Monster(s) during the Main Phase or Battle Phase, you gain LP equal to that monster's ATK. If you did not gain LP by this effect, your LP are halved during the End Phase.

LIGHT 4

If you control a "White Forest" monster: You can Special Summon this card from your hand. You can send 1 Spell/Trap from your hand or field to the GY; draw 1 card. If this card is in your GY (Quick Effect): You can target 1 "White Forest" Synchro Monster you control or in your GY; return it to the Extra Deck, and if you do, Special Summon this card, but negate its effects. You can only use each effect of "Rucia of the White Forest" once per turn.

LIGHT 4

If this card is Normal or Special Summoned: You can add 1 "White Forest" Spell/Trap from your Deck to your hand. If this card is in your GY (Quick Effect): You can target 1 "White Forest" Synchro Monster you control or in your GY; return it to the Extra Deck, and if you do, Special Summon this card, but negate its effects. You can only use each effect of "Silvy of the White Forest" once per turn.

Spell Normal

(This card's name is always treated as "Polymerization".) Fusion Summon 1 Fusion Monster from your Extra Deck, using monsters you control as Fusion Material. You can banish this card from your GY, then target 1 Fusion Monster in your GY; return it to the Extra Deck, then draw 1 card.

Spell Normal

Destroy all Spell and Trap Cards your opponent controls.

Spell Quick

Activate 1 of these effects, but skip your next Battle Phase after activation; ● Target 1 Spell/Trap your opponent controls; destroy it, then banish the top 4 cards of your opponent's Deck. ● Special Summon 1 "Runick" monster from your Extra Deck to the Extra Monster Zone. You can only activate 1 "Runick Destruction" per turn.

Spell Quick

Activate 1 of these effects, but skip your next Battle Phase after activation; ● If your opponent adds a card(s) from their Deck to their hand, except during the Draw Phase, discard 1 random card from their hand, then banish the top 2 cards of their Deck. ● Special Summon 1 "Runick" monster from your Extra Deck to the Extra Monster Zone. You can only activate 1 "Runick Dispelling" per turn.

Spell Quick

Activate 1 of these effects, but skip your next Battle Phase after activation; ● Target 1 Special Summoned monster your opponent controls; destroy it, then banish the top 2 cards of your opponent's Deck. ● Special Summon 1 "Runick" monster from your Extra Deck to the Extra Monster Zone. You can only activate 1 "Runick Flashing Fire" per turn.

Spell Field

You can activate "Runick" Quick-Play Spell Cards from your hand during your opponent's turn. Once per turn, if you activate a "Runick" Quick-Play Spell Card: You can target up to 3 "Runick" Quick-Play Spells in your GY; place them on the bottom of your Deck in any order, then draw the same number of cards.

Spell Quick

Activate 1 of these effects, but skip your next Battle Phase after activation; ● Target 1 Effect Monster your opponent controls; negate its effects (until the end of this turn), then banish the top 3 cards of your opponent's Deck. ● Special Summon 1 "Runick" monster from your Extra Deck to the Extra Monster Zone. You can only activate 1 "Runick Freezing Curses" per turn.

Spell Quick

Activate 1 of these effects, but skip your next Battle Phase after activation; ● Target 1 face-up monster on the field; the next time that monster would be destroyed by battle or card effect this turn, it is not destroyed, also it cannot attack this turn, then (after applying this effect) banish the top 3 cards of your opponent's Deck. ● Special Summon 1 "Runick" monster from your Extra Deck to the Extra Monster Zone. You can only activate 1 "Runick Slumber" per turn.

Spell Quick

Activate 1 of these effects, but skip your next Battle Phase after activation; ● Banish cards from the top of your opponent's Deck, up to the number of cards they control. ● Special Summon 1 "Runick" monster from your Extra Deck to the Extra Monster Zone. You can only activate 1 "Runick Smiting Storm" per turn.

Spell Quick

Activate 1 of these effects, but skip your next Battle Phase after activation; ● Add 1 "Runick" card from your Deck to your hand, except "Runick Tip", then banish the top card of your opponent's Deck. ● Special Summon 1 "Runick" monster from your Extra Deck to the Extra Monster Zone. You can only activate 1 "Runick Tip" per turn.

Spell Normal

If you control an Illusion or Spellcaster monster: Add 1 "White Forest" monster from your Deck to your hand. If this card is sent to the GY to activate a monster effect: You can Set this card. You can only use each effect of "Tales of the White Forest" once per turn.

Spell Normal

If your opponent has activated a monster effect during your Main Phase this turn: Activate 1 of these effects; ● Draw 2 cards. ● Take control of 1 monster your opponent controls until the End Phase. ● Look at your opponent's hand, and choose 1 card from it to shuffle into the Deck. You can only activate 1 "Triple Tactics Talent" per turn.

Trap Normal

At the end of the Battle Phase, if your opponent controls more cards than you do: You can make your opponent banish cards from their field face-down so they control the same number of cards as you do. If you control no cards, you can activate this card from your hand.

Trap Counter

When a Spell/Trap Card, or monster effect, is activated while you control a Synchro Monster: Negate the activation, then if you have "Visas Starfrost", or a monster with 1500 ATK/2100 DEF, on your field or in your GY, you can destroy that negated card. You can banish this card from your GY, then target up to 3 "Mannadium" monsters in your GY; shuffle them into the Deck. You can only use each effect of "Mannadium Reframing" once per turn.

Trap Continuous

Each player can only control 1 Type of monster. Send all other face-up monsters they control to the GY.

Trap Continuous

Activate by paying 1000 LP. Negate the effects of all face-up monsters while they are face-up on the field (but their effects can still be activated).

Trap Normal

Special Summon 1 "White Forest" monster from your hand or Deck, then immediately after this effect resolves, you can Synchro Summon 1 "White Forest" Synchro Monster. If this card is sent to the GY to activate a monster effect: You can Set this card. You can only use each effect of "Woes of the White Forest" once per turn.

DARK 4

2 "Runick" monsters Cannot be destroyed by card effects. If this card is Special Summoned from the Extra Deck: You can target 1 non-Quick-Play "Runick" Spell in your GY; add it to your hand. When this card is destroyed by battle: You can target 1 card on the field; destroy it.

LIGHT 2

2 "Runick" monsters If this card is Special Summoned from the Extra Deck: You can discard 1 card; add 1 "Runick" Field Spell from your Deck to your hand. If another card(s) you control would be destroyed by card effect, you can banish this card you control instead. If this card on the field is destroyed by battle or card effect: Return this card to the Extra Deck.

DARK

2 Effect Monsters If this card is Link Summoned using a Fusion, Synchro, Xyz, or Link Monster as material: You can target 1 card on the field or in either GY; banish it, also your monsters cannot attack directly this turn. When your opponent activates a card or effect (Quick Effect): You can target 2 face-up monsters on the field, including a monster you control; banish both until the End Phase. You can only use each effect of "S:P Little Knight" once per turn.

DARK 10

1 Tuner + 1+ non-Tuner LIGHT or DARK monsters For this card's Synchro Summon, you can treat 1 LIGHT or DARK monster you control as a Tuner. If this card is Special Summoned: You can target 1 card on the field; banish it. This card gains these effects based on the original Attributes of materials used for its Synchro Summon. ● LIGHT: Synchro Monsters you control are unaffected by monster effects activated by your opponent. ● DARK: Monsters you control cannot be destroyed by battle.

LIGHT 8

1 Tuner + 1+ non-Tuner monsters If this card is Synchro Summoned using a Tuner Synchro Monster: You can target 1 Spell/Trap in your GY; add it to your hand. When your opponent activates a card or effect (Quick Effect): You can send 1 Spell/Trap from your hand or field to the GY; Special Summon 1 Level 7 or lower Tuner Synchro Monster from your Extra Deck, GY, or banishment. You can only use each effect of "Diabell, Queen of the White Forest" once per turn.

DARK 8

1 Tuner + 1+ non-Tuner monsters This card's name becomes "Red Dragon Archfiend" while it is on the field or in the GY. Once per turn: You can destroy as many Special Summoned Effect Monsters on the field as possible with ATK less than or equal to this card's (other than this card), then inflict 500 damage to your opponent for each monster destroyed.

WATER 10

1 Tuner + 1+ non-Tuner monsters For each banished card, this card gains 100 ATK/DEF and monsters your opponent controls lose 100 ATK/DEF. If this card would be destroyed by card effect, you can banish 1 card from your GY instead. If a card(s) is banished (except during the Damage Step): You can banish 1 card each from both your opponent's field and GY. You can only use this effect of "Swordsoul Supreme Sovereign - Chengying" once per turn.

LIGHT 6

1 Tuner + 1+ non-Tuner monsters If this card is Synchro Summoned: You can apply the appropriate effect, based on the Levels used for its Synchro Summon, or if you used 3 or more monsters as materials, apply all these effects, in sequence. ● 1 & 5: Destroy 1 other card on the field. ● 2 & 4: Draw 1 card. ● 3 & 3: Treat this card as a Tuner. You can only use this effect of "Tri-Edge Master" once per turn.

WATER 6

1 Tuner + 1+ non-Tuner monsters Once per turn: You can discard 1 card, then target 1 card your opponent controls; destroy it. If this Synchro Summoned card is sent from the field to the GY: You can draw 1 card. You can only use this effect of "Coral Dragon" once per turn.

LIGHT 6

1 Tuner + 1+ non-Tuner monsters If this card is Special Summoned: You can send 1 Spell/Trap from your hand or field to the GY; add 1 "White Forest" card or 1 LIGHT Spellcaster monster from your Deck to your hand. You can only use this effect of "Rciela, Sinister Soul of the White Forest" once per turn. Illusion and Spellcaster Synchro Monsters you control gain 500 ATK, also they cannot be destroyed by your opponent's card effects.

LIGHT 6

1 Tuner + 1+ non-Tuner monsters If this card is Special Summoned: You can change all face-up monsters your opponent controls to face-down Defense Position. Illusion and Spellcaster Synchro Monsters you control gain 500 ATK, also if they attack a Defense Position monster, inflict double piercing battle damage to your opponent.

LIGHT 8

1+ Tuners + 1 LIGHT monster This card's name becomes "Visas Starfrost" while on the field. You can only use each of the following effects of "Visas Amritara" once per turn. If this card is Synchro Summoned: You can add 1 Spell/Trap that mentions "Visas Starfrost" from your Deck to your hand. During your Main Phase: You can destroy 1 monster you control, also all Synchro Monsters you control will gain 800 ATK this turn.

LIGHT 2

1 Tuner + 1 non-Tuner monster If this card is Special Summoned: You can send 1 other card from your hand or field to the GY, then target 1 Spell/Trap your opponent controls; destroy it. You can only use this effect of "Zapper Shrimp" once per turn. Once per Chain, during your opponent's Main Phase, you can (Quick Effect): Immediately after this effect resolves, Synchro Summon using this card you control.

DARK

2 Level 12 monsters During the turn, or turn after, your opponent Special Summoned 2 or more monsters from the Extra Deck, you can also Xyz Summon this card by using 1 monster you control with the highest ATK (your choice, if tied). (Transfer its materials to this card.) If you do, you cannot Normal or Special Summon monsters for the rest of this turn. While this Xyz Summoned monster is on the field, neither player can activate the effects of monsters with 3000 or more ATK. Once per turn: You can detach 1 material from this card; return 1 monster from the field to the hand.

DARK 6

You can target 1 LIGHT or DARK monster in either GY; banish it, and if you do, Special Summon this card from your hand. This is a Quick Effect if your opponent controls a monster. If your opponent Special Summons a Ritual, Fusion, Synchro, Xyz, and/or Link Monster(s) (except during the Damage Step): You can Tribute 1 other LIGHT or DARK monster, then target 1 of those Special Summoned monsters; banish it. You can only use each effect of "Bystial Baldrake" once per turn.

DARK 6

You can target 1 LIGHT or DARK monster in either GY; banish it, and if you do, Special Summon this card from your hand. This is a Quick Effect if your opponent controls a monster. If this card is sent from the field to the GY: You can target 1 Special Summoned monster your opponent controls; send it to the GY. You can only use each effect of "Bystial Druiswurm" once per turn.

DARK 6

You can target 1 LIGHT or DARK monster in either GY; banish it, and if you do, Special Summon this card from your hand. This is a Quick Effect if your opponent controls a monster. If this card is Special Summoned: You can activate this effect; during the End Phase of this turn, add 1 Dragon monster from your Deck or GY to your hand, except "Bystial Magnamhut". You can only use each effect of "Bystial Magnamhut" once per turn.

DARK 6

You can target 1 LIGHT or DARK monster in either GY; banish it, and if you do, Special Summon this card from your hand. This is a Quick Effect if your opponent controls a monster. If this card is sent to the GY: You can send 1 "Bystial" monster or 1 "Branded" Spell/Trap from your Deck to the GY, except "Bystial Saronir". You can only use each effect of "Bystial Saronir" once per turn.

WIND 1

If a card(s) is added from the Main Deck to your opponent's hand, except during the Draw Phase (Quick Effect): You can send this card from your hand to the GY; for the rest of this turn, cards cannot be added from either player's Main Deck to the hand.

LIGHT 2

You can send 1 Spell/Trap from your hand or field to the GY; Special Summon this card from your hand, then add 1 "White Forest" monster from your Deck to your hand, except "Elzette of the White Forest". During your opponent's turn, if a LIGHT Spellcaster Tuner is Special Summoned to your field, while this card is in your GY (except during the Damage Step): You can add this card to your hand. You can only use each effect of "Elzette of the White Forest" once per turn.

LIGHT 8

Cannot be Normal Summoned/Set. Must be Special Summoned (from your hand or GY) by Tributing 1 Level 6 or higher DARK Dragon monster. You can only Special Summon "The Bystial Lubellion" once per turn this way. You can send this card from your hand to the GY; add 1 "Bystial" monster from your Deck to your hand, except "The Bystial Lubellion". During your Main Phase: You can place 1 "Branded" Continuous Spell/Trap from your Deck face-up on your field. You can only use each effect of "The Bystial Lubellion" once per turn.

FIRE 3

When a card or effect is activated that includes any of these effects (Quick Effect): You can discard this card; negate that effect. ● Add a card from the Deck to the hand. ● Special Summon from the Deck. ● Send a card from the Deck to the GY. You can only use this effect of "Ash Blossom & Joyous Spring" once per turn.

LIGHT 1

During your opponent's Main Phase (Quick Effect): You can send this card from your hand to the GY, then target 1 Effect Monster your opponent controls; negate the effects of that face-up monster your opponent controls, until the end of this turn.

WATER 3

During either turn, except the End Phase (Quick Effect): You can discard this card; apply this effect this turn. You can only use this effect of "Ghost Sister & Spooky Dogwood" once per turn. ● Each time your opponent Special Summons an Effect Monster(s) during the Main Phase or Battle Phase, you gain LP equal to that monster's ATK. If you did not gain LP by this effect, your LP are halved during the End Phase.

LIGHT 4

If you control a "White Forest" monster: You can Special Summon this card from your hand. You can send 1 Spell/Trap from your hand or field to the GY; draw 1 card. If this card is in your GY (Quick Effect): You can target 1 "White Forest" Synchro Monster you control or in your GY; return it to the Extra Deck, and if you do, Special Summon this card, but negate its effects. You can only use each effect of "Rucia of the White Forest" once per turn.

LIGHT 4

If this card is Normal or Special Summoned: You can add 1 "White Forest" Spell/Trap from your Deck to your hand. If this card is in your GY (Quick Effect): You can target 1 "White Forest" Synchro Monster you control or in your GY; return it to the Extra Deck, and if you do, Special Summon this card, but negate its effects. You can only use each effect of "Silvy of the White Forest" once per turn.

DARK 4

This card's name becomes "Fallen of Albaz" while on the field or in the GY. If this card is Normal or Special Summoned: You can discard 1 card, then target 1 Dragon monster your opponent controls or in their GY, and activate the appropriate effect; ● Send this card to the GY, and if you do, take control of that monster on the field until the End Phase. ● Send this card to the GY, and if you do, Special Summon that monster from the GY to your field. You can only use this effect of "The Bystial Aluber" once per turn.

Spell Continuous

If a LIGHT or DARK monster(s) is banished (except during the Damage Step): You can target 1 of those monsters; place that monster on the bottom of the Deck, and if you do, draw 1 card. You can only use this effect of "Branded Regained" once per turn. Once per turn, if your opponent Normal or Special Summons a monster (except during the Damage Step): You can target 1 "Bystial" monster in your GY; Special Summon it. You can only activate this effect of "Branded Regained" once per Chain.

Spell Normal

Send 1 Spell/Trap from your Deck to the GY. You can only activate 1 "Foolish Burial Goods" per turn.

Spell Quick

Activate 1 of these effects, but skip your next Battle Phase after activation; ● Target 1 Spell/Trap your opponent controls; destroy it, then banish the top 4 cards of your opponent's Deck. ● Special Summon 1 "Runick" monster from your Extra Deck to the Extra Monster Zone. You can only activate 1 "Runick Destruction" per turn.

Spell Quick

Activate 1 of these effects, but skip your next Battle Phase after activation; ● If your opponent adds a card(s) from their Deck to their hand, except during the Draw Phase, discard 1 random card from their hand, then banish the top 2 cards of their Deck. ● Special Summon 1 "Runick" monster from your Extra Deck to the Extra Monster Zone. You can only activate 1 "Runick Dispelling" per turn.

Spell Quick

Activate 1 of these effects, but skip your next Battle Phase after activation; ● Target 1 Special Summoned monster your opponent controls; destroy it, then banish the top 2 cards of your opponent's Deck. ● Special Summon 1 "Runick" monster from your Extra Deck to the Extra Monster Zone. You can only activate 1 "Runick Flashing Fire" per turn.

Spell Field

You can activate "Runick" Quick-Play Spell Cards from your hand during your opponent's turn. Once per turn, if you activate a "Runick" Quick-Play Spell Card: You can target up to 3 "Runick" Quick-Play Spells in your GY; place them on the bottom of your Deck in any order, then draw the same number of cards.

Spell Quick

Activate 1 of these effects, but skip your next Battle Phase after activation; ● Target 1 Effect Monster your opponent controls; negate its effects (until the end of this turn), then banish the top 3 cards of your opponent's Deck. ● Special Summon 1 "Runick" monster from your Extra Deck to the Extra Monster Zone. You can only activate 1 "Runick Freezing Curses" per turn.

Spell Quick

Activate 1 of these effects, but skip your next Battle Phase after activation; ● Target 1 face-up monster on the field; the next time that monster would be destroyed by battle or card effect this turn, it is not destroyed, also it cannot attack this turn, then (after applying this effect) banish the top 3 cards of your opponent's Deck. ● Special Summon 1 "Runick" monster from your Extra Deck to the Extra Monster Zone. You can only activate 1 "Runick Slumber" per turn.

Spell Quick

Activate 1 of these effects, but skip your next Battle Phase after activation; ● Banish cards from the top of your opponent's Deck, up to the number of cards they control. ● Special Summon 1 "Runick" monster from your Extra Deck to the Extra Monster Zone. You can only activate 1 "Runick Smiting Storm" per turn.

Spell Quick

Activate 1 of these effects, but skip your next Battle Phase after activation; ● Add 1 "Runick" card from your Deck to your hand, except "Runick Tip", then banish the top card of your opponent's Deck. ● Special Summon 1 "Runick" monster from your Extra Deck to the Extra Monster Zone. You can only activate 1 "Runick Tip" per turn.

Spell Normal

If you control an Illusion or Spellcaster monster: Add 1 "White Forest" monster from your Deck to your hand. If this card is sent to the GY to activate a monster effect: You can Set this card. You can only use each effect of "Tales of the White Forest" once per turn.

Spell Normal

If your opponent has activated a monster effect during your Main Phase this turn: Activate 1 of these effects; ● Draw 2 cards. ● Take control of 1 monster your opponent controls until the End Phase. ● Look at your opponent's hand, and choose 1 card from it to shuffle into the Deck. You can only activate 1 "Triple Tactics Talent" per turn.

Trap Normal

At the end of the Battle Phase, if your opponent controls more cards than you do: You can make your opponent banish cards from their field face-down so they control the same number of cards as you do. If you control no cards, you can activate this card from your hand.

Trap Continuous

Each player can only control 1 Type of monster. Send all other face-up monsters they control to the GY.

Trap Continuous

Activate by paying 1000 LP. Negate the effects of all face-up monsters while they are face-up on the field (but their effects can still be activated).

Trap Continuous

Each player can only control 1 monster of each Type. If a player controls 2 or more monsters of the same Type, they must send some to the GY so they control no more than 1 monster of that Type.

Trap Normal

Special Summon 1 "White Forest" monster from your hand or Deck, then immediately after this effect resolves, you can Synchro Summon 1 "White Forest" Synchro Monster. If this card is sent to the GY to activate a monster effect: You can Set this card. You can only use each effect of "Woes of the White Forest" once per turn.

DARK 4

2 "Runick" monsters Cannot be destroyed by card effects. If this card is Special Summoned from the Extra Deck: You can target 1 non-Quick-Play "Runick" Spell in your GY; add it to your hand. When this card is destroyed by battle: You can target 1 card on the field; destroy it.

LIGHT 2

2 "Runick" monsters If this card is Special Summoned from the Extra Deck: You can discard 1 card; add 1 "Runick" Field Spell from your Deck to your hand. If another card(s) you control would be destroyed by card effect, you can banish this card you control instead. If this card on the field is destroyed by battle or card effect: Return this card to the Extra Deck.

DARK

2 Effect Monsters If this card is Link Summoned using a Fusion, Synchro, Xyz, or Link Monster as material: You can target 1 card on the field or in either GY; banish it, also your monsters cannot attack directly this turn. When your opponent activates a card or effect (Quick Effect): You can target 2 face-up monsters on the field, including a monster you control; banish both until the End Phase. You can only use each effect of "S:P Little Knight" once per turn.

DARK 10

1 Tuner + 1+ non-Tuner Dragon monsters You can target 1 banished LIGHT or DARK monster; Special Summon it to your field. When your opponent activates a monster effect (Quick Effect): You can target 1 banished card; shuffle it into the Deck, then if you shuffled it into your Deck, destroy that monster, or if you shuffled it into your opponent's Deck, negate that activated effect. You can only use each effect of "Bystial Dis Pater" once per turn.

LIGHT 12

1 Tuner + 1+ non-Tuner monsters Your monsters with 2000 or less ATK cannot be destroyed by battle. You can only use each of the following effects of "Centur-Ion Legatia" once per turn. If this card is Special Summoned: You can draw 1 card, then you can destroy the monster your opponent controls with the highest ATK (your choice, if tied). During the End Phase: You can place 1 non-Synchro "Centur-Ion" monster from your hand or GY in your Spell & Trap Zone as a face-up Continuous Trap.

DARK 10

1 Tuner + 1+ non-Tuner LIGHT or DARK monsters For this card's Synchro Summon, you can treat 1 LIGHT or DARK monster you control as a Tuner. If this card is Special Summoned: You can target 1 card on the field; banish it. This card gains these effects based on the original Attributes of materials used for its Synchro Summon. ● LIGHT: Synchro Monsters you control are unaffected by monster effects activated by your opponent. ● DARK: Monsters you control cannot be destroyed by battle.